Cross-linkable ionomeric encapsulants for photovoltaic cells

ABSTRACT

Provided herein is a blend composition useful as a cross-linkable encapsulant layer and consisting essentially of two ethylene copolymers and optionally one or more additives. The first ethylene copolymer comprises copolymerized units of ethylene, optionally a first olefin having the formula CH 2 ═C(R 1 )CO 2 R 2 , and a second olefin having the formula CH 2 ═C(R 3 )COOH. At least a portion of the carboxylic acid groups have been neutralized to form carboxylate salts. The second ethylene copolymer consists essentially of copolymerized units of ethylene, optionally a first olefin having the formula CH 2 ═C(R 1 )CO 2 R 2 , and a third olefin having the formula CH 2 ═C(R 4 )D. R 1 , R 3  and R 4  represent hydrogen or an alkyl group; R 2  represents an alkyl group; and D represents a moiety containing an epoxy group. Further provided are solar cell modules comprising the encapsulant layer. The encapsulant layer comprises the blend composition or the product of cross-linking the blend composition, in which some carboxylate groups of the second olefin have reacted with some epoxy groups of the third olefin.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to a cross-linked or cross-linkableencapsulant for solar cell modules. In particular, the cross-linkableencapsulant consists essentially of a blend composition of two ethylenecopolymers, with a first ethylene copolymer incorporating residues of anunsaturated carboxylic acid and a second ethylene copolymerincorporating residues of a moiety containing an epoxy group. At least aportion of the carboxylic acid groups have been neutralized to formcarboxylate salts. In the cross-linked encapsulant layer, thecarboxylate groups have been caused to react with the epoxy groups.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Several patents and publications are cited in this description in orderto more fully describe the state of the art to which this inventionpertains. The entire disclosure of each of these patents andpublications is incorporated by reference herein.

Because solar cells provide a sustainable energy resource, their use israpidly expanding. Solar cells can typically be categorized into twotypes based on the light absorbing material used, i.e., bulk orwafer-based solar cells and thin film solar cells.

Monocrystalline silicon (c-Si), poly- or multi-crystalline silicon(poly-Si or mc-Si) and ribbon silicon are the materials used mostcommonly in forming the more traditional wafer-based solar cells. Solarcell modules derived from wafer-based solar cells often comprise aseries of about 180 to about 240 μm thick self-supporting wafers (orcells) that are soldered together and electrically connected. Such apanel of solar cells, along with a layer of conductive paste and/orconnecting wires deposited on its surface, may be referred to as a solarcell assembly. The solar cell assembly may be encapsulated by,sandwiched between, or laminated between polymeric encapsulants. Theresulting structure may be further sandwiched between two protectiveouter layers (i.e., front sheet and back sheet) to form a weatherresistant module. The protective outer layers may be formed of glass,metal sheets or films, or plastic sheets or films. In general, however,the outer layer that faces to the sunlight needs to be sufficientlytransparent to allow photons reach the solar cells.

In the increasingly important alternative, thin film solar cells, thecommonly used materials include amorphous silicon (a-Si),microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copperindium selenide (CuInSe₂ or CIS), copper indium/gallium diselenide(Culn_(x)Ga_((1-x))Se₂ or CIGS), light absorbing dyes, organicsemiconductors, etc. By way of example, thin film solar cells aredescribed in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,507,881; 5,512,107; 5,948,176;5,994,163; 6,040,521; 6,123,824; 6,137,048; 6,288,325; 6,258,620;6,613,603; and 6,784,301; and U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20070298590;20070281090; 20070240759; 20070232057; 20070238285; 20070227578;20070209699; 20070079866; 20080223436; and 20080271675.

Thin film solar cells with a typical thickness of less than 2 μm areproduced by depositing the semiconductor materials onto a substrate,generally in multiple layers. Further, connecting wires, metalconductive coatings, and/or metal reflector films may be deposited overthe surface of the thin film solar cells to constitute part of the thinfilm solar cell assembly. The substrate may be formed of glass or aflexible film and may also be referred to as superstrate in thosemodules in which it faces towards the sunlight. Similarly to thewafer-based solar cell modules, the thin film solar cell assemblies arefurther encapsulated by, laminated between, or sandwiched between,polymeric encapsulants, which are further laminated or sandwichedbetween protective outer layers. In certain embodiments, the thin filmsolar cell assembly may be only partially encapsulated by theencapsulant, which means that only the side of the thin film solar cellassembly that is opposite from the substrate (or superstrate) islaminated to a polymeric encapsulant and then a protective outer layer.In such a construction, the thin film solar cell assembly is sandwichedbetween the substrate (or superstrate) and the encapsulant.

Encapsulants fulfill several important functions in the solar cellmodule. For example, they encase and protect the solar cell materials,which may be brittle or otherwise susceptible to physical insults, suchas abrasion. In addition, in some solar cell modules the encapsulantadheres the solar cells to the module's outer layers. The need fordurable, transparent, easily processible encapsulants has led to theinvestigation of thermoplastic polymers, such as ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA), poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB), and the ionomers of ethylene acidcopolymers. These materials have a long history of use as interlayers insafety glass laminates, and therefore the advantages of their use asencapsulants in solar cell modules are readily apparent. Theseadvantages include, for example, one or more of good optical properties,suitable stability, durability, ease of processability, resistance topenetration, and favorable economic factors. Moreover, those whomanufacture safety glass laminates are well-suited to develop the skillsand equipment necessary to laminate solar cell modules that incorporatethese familiar materials as encapsulants.

In addition, cross-linking reactions have been investigated as a meansto further improve the stability, durability and penetration resistanceof thermoplastic polymeric encapsulants. For example, JapaneseUnexamined Patent Publication 2003-212967 describes a thermosettingresin which, before being thermally cured, is fluid and can be formedinto a thin film.

Cross-linkable ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) has also been widely used asan encapsulant material in solar cell modules due to its low cost, highclarity, low modulus, low initial viscosity, low equilibrium moisturelevel, and good heat resistance. The use of cross-linkable EVA asencapsulant materials is not without disadvantages, however. Forexample, the liberation of acetic acid by EVA can lead to corrosion andyellowing of the EVA encapsulant. Also, peroxides are often incorporatedin the EVA encapsulant as a reagent of the cross-linking reaction. Thus,the shelf life of the EVA encapsulant may be reduced by the peroxides'decomposition. Further disadvantageously, peroxides decompose to evolveoxygen, which may cause optical flaws such as bubbles to form in the EVAencapsulant.

Finally, these EVA sheets must be produced at comparatively lowextrusion temperatures to prevent premature cross-linking, that is,cross-linking prior to lamination to form the solar cell module.Premature cross-linking may render the EVA unprocessible so that thelamination of the solar cell modules cannot take place at typicaltemperatures. A prematurely cross-linked EVA will not flow to conform tothe solar cells and other components of the solar cell module, nor willit adhere the solar cells to the outer layers of the module.

It is therefore apparent that a need exists for a cross-linkablethermoplastic polymeric encapsulant material that can be processed inthe melt at typical extrusion temperatures and typical laminationtemperatures.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, provided herein is a blend composition useful as across-linkable encapsulant layer and consisting essentially of twoethylene copolymers and optionally one or more additives. The firstethylene copolymer comprises copolymerized units of ethylene, optionallya first olefin having the formula CH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R², and a second olefinhaving the formula CH₂═C(R³)COOH. At least a portion of the carboxylicacid groups in the second olefin have been neutralized to formcarboxylate salts. The second ethylene copolymer consists essentially ofcopolymerized units of ethylene, optionally a first olefin having theformula CH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R², and a third olefin having the formulaCH₂═C(R⁴)D. R¹, R³ and R⁴ represent hydrogen or an alkyl group; R²represents an alkyl group; and D represents a moiety containing an epoxygroup. Further provided are solar cell modules comprising theencapsulant layer. The encapsulant layer comprises the blend compositionor the product of cross-linking the blend composition, in which someacid groups of the second olefin have reacted with some epoxy groups ofthe third olefin.

These and various other advantages and features of novelty thatcharacterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in theclaims annexed hereto and forming a part hereof. For a betterunderstanding of the invention, its advantages, and the objects obtainedby its use, however, reference should be made to the drawings which forma further part hereof, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, inwhich there is illustrated and described a preferred embodiment of theinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a solar cell module, not drawn toscale.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a second solar cell module, notdrawn to scale.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a third solar cell module, not drawnto scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following definitions apply to the terms as used throughout thisspecification, unless otherwise limited in specific instances.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. In case of conflict, thespecification, including definitions, will control.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “containing,” “characterized by,” “has,” “having” or anyother variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusiveinclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus thatcomprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only thoseelements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherentto such process, method, article, or apparatus.

The transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, oringredient not specified in the claim, closing the claim to theinclusion of materials other than those recited except for impuritiesordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase “consists of” appearsin a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately followingthe preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; otherelements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.

The transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope ofa claim to the specified materials or steps and those that do notmaterially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimedinvention. A ‘consisting essentially of’ claim occupies a middle groundbetween closed claims that are written in a ‘consisting of’ format andfully open claims that are drafted in a ‘comprising’ format. Optionaladditives as defined herein, at levels that are appropriate for suchadditives, and minor impurities are not excluded from a composition bythe term “consisting essentially of”.

When a composition, a process, a structure, or a portion of acomposition, a process, or a structure, is described herein using anopen-ended term such as “comprising,” unless otherwise stated thedescription also includes an embodiment that “consists essentially of”or “consists of the elements of” the composition, the process, thestructure, or the portion of the composition, the process, or thestructure.

The term “substantially free”, as used herein with respect to acomposition and a component, refers to a composition that includes nomore than an adventitious amount of the component. Stated alternatively,the composition includes no added amount of the component, only theamount that is commonly present in the raw materials from which thecomposition is produced. In some commercially available materials, thelevel of adventitious components is less than less than 2.5%, 1.0%, lessthan 0.5%, or less than 0.1% by weight, based on the weight of thecommercially available material.

The articles “a” and “an” may be employed in connection with variouselements and components of compositions, processes or structuresdescribed herein. This is merely for convenience and to give a generalsense of the compositions, processes or structures. Such a descriptionincludes “one or at least one” of the elements or components. Moreover,as used herein, the singular articles also include a description of aplurality of elements or components, unless it is apparent from aspecific context that the plural is excluded.

The term “or”, as used herein, is inclusive; that is, the phrase “A orB” means “A, B, or both A and B”. More specifically, a condition “A orB” is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) andB is false (or not present); A is false (or not present) and B is true(or present); or both A and B are true (or present). Exclusive “or” isdesignated herein by terms such as “either A or B” and “one of A or B”,for example.

The term “about” means that amounts, sizes, formulations, parameters,and other quantities and characteristics are not and need not be exact,but may be approximate and/or larger or smaller, as desired, reflectingtolerances, conversion factors, rounding off, measurement error and thelike, and other factors known to those of skill in the art. In general,an amount, size, formulation, parameter or other quantity orcharacteristic is “about” or “approximate” whether or not expresslystated to be such.

In addition, the ranges set forth herein include their endpoints unlessexpressly stated otherwise. Further, when an amount, concentration, orother value or parameter is given as a range, one or more preferredranges or a list of upper preferable values and lower preferable values,this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formedfrom any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lowerrange limit or preferred value, regardless of whether such pairs areseparately disclosed. The scope of the invention is not limited to thespecific values recited when defining a range.

When materials, methods, or machinery are described herein with the term“known to those of skill in the art”, “conventional” or a synonymousword or phrase, the term signifies that materials, methods, andmachinery that are conventional at the time of filing the presentapplication are encompassed by this description. Also encompassed arematerials, methods, and machinery that are not presently conventional,but that will have become recognized in the art as suitable for asimilar purpose.

Unless stated otherwise, all percentages, parts, ratios, and likeamounts, are defined by weight.

As used herein, the term “copolymer” refers to polymers comprisingcopolymerized units resulting from copolymerization of two or morecomonomers. In this connection, a copolymer may be described herein withreference to its constituent comonomers or to the amounts of itsconstituent comonomers, for example “a copolymer comprising ethylene and18 weight % of acrylic acid”, or a similar description. Such adescription may be considered informal in that it does not refer to thecomonomers as copolymerized units; in that it does not include aconventional nomenclature for the copolymer, for example InternationalUnion of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature; in that itdoes not use product-by-process terminology; or for another reason. Asused herein, however, a description of a copolymer with reference to itsconstituent comonomers or to the amounts of its constituent comonomersmeans that the copolymer contains copolymerized units (in the specifiedamounts when specified) of the specified comonomers. It follows as acorollary that a copolymer is not the product of a reaction mixturecontaining given comonomers in given amounts, unless expressly stated inlimited circumstances to be such. The term “terpolymer” refers topolymers consisting essentially of three monomers.

The terms “epoxy group”, “ethylene oxide group” and “oxirane ring” aresynonymous and used interchangeably herein to refer to a substituted orunsubstituted group having the formula —CROCR₂, wherein the oxygen atomis bound to both carbons and the carbons are bound to each other. Whenthe R groups are hydrogen atoms, the ethylene oxide group isunsubstituted. The ethylene oxide group may be singly or multiplysubstituted. Stated alternatively, one, two or three of the R groups maybe other than hydrogen atoms.

The terms “alkyl group” and “alkylene group”, as used herein alone or incombined form, such as, for example, “alkoxy group”, refer to saturatedhydrocarbon groups that have from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and that may bebranched or unbranched. An alkyl group has one bond to a carbon atomavailable for substitution, and an alkylene group has two bonds to oneor more carbon atoms available for substitution.

The term “ionomer”, as used herein, refers to a polymer that comprisesionic groups that are carboxylate salts, for example, ammoniumcarboxylates, alkali metal carboxylates, alkaline earth carboxylates,transition metal carboxylates and/or combinations of such carboxylates.Such polymers are generally produced by partially or fully neutralizingthe carboxylic acid groups of precursor or parent polymers that are acidcopolymers, as defined herein, for example by reaction with a base. Anexample of an ionomer as used herein is a zinc ionomer, for example acopolymer of ethylene and methacrylic acid wherein all or a portion ofthe carboxylic acid groups of the copolymerized methacrylic acid unitsare in the form of zinc carboxylates.

Finally, the term “solar cell” as used herein includes any article whichcan convert light into electrical energy. Solar cells useful in theinvention include, but are not limited to, wafer-based solar cells(e.g., c-Si or mc-Si based solar cells), thin film solar cells (e.g.,a-Si, pc-Si, CdTe, or CI(G)S based solar cells), and organic solarcells.

Provided herein is a solar cell module that comprises (A) at least oneencapsulant layer comprising a cross-linked or cross-linkable blendcomposition of Ethylene Copolymer 1 and Ethylene Copolymer 2 and B) asolar cell assembly comprising one or a plurality of solar cells.

Ethylene Copolymer 1 is a copolymer comprising copolymerized units ofethylene, optionally of a first olefin of the formula CH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R²,and of a second olefin of the formula CH₂═C(R³)COOH, wherein R¹ ishydrogen or an alkyl group; R² is an alkyl group, or R² is an alkylgroup substituted with an —OH group, such as a hydroxyethyl group, or R²is an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group, such as amethoxyethyl or an ethoxy ethyl group; and R³ is hydrogen or an alkylgroup.

Suitable first olefins having the formula CH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R² include,without limitation, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethylacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and butyl methacrylate.Preferably, the first olefin having the formula CH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R² isn-butyl acrylate, methyl acrylate or iso-butyl acrylate. Suitable secondolefins having the formula CH₂═C(R³)COOH include, without limitation,acrylic acids and methacrylic acids.

In addition, the Ethylene Copolymer 1 may optionally further compriseother suitable additional comonomers, such as unsaturated carboxylicacids having 2 to 10, or preferably 3 to 8 carbons, or derivativesthereof. Suitable acid derivatives include acid anhydrides, amides, andesters. Esters are preferred. Specific examples of preferred esters ofunsaturated carboxylic acids include, but are not limited to, methylacrylates, methyl methacrylates, ethyl acrylates, ethyl methacrylates,propyl acrylates, propyl methacrylates, isopropyl acrylates, isopropylmethacrylates, butyl acrylates, butyl methacrylates, isobutyl acrylates,isobutyl methacrylates, tert-butyl acrylates, tert-butyl methacrylates,octyl acrylates, octyl methacrylates, undecyl acrylates, undecylmethacrylates, octadecyl acrylates, octadecyl methacrylates, dodecylacrylates, dodecyl methacrylates, 2-ethylhexyl acrylates, 2-ethylhexylmethacrylates, isobornyl acrylates, isobornyl methacrylates, laurylacrylates, lauryl methacrylates, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylates,2-hydroxyethyl methacrylates, glycidyl acrylates, glycidylmethacrylates, poly(ethylene glycol)acrylates, poly(ethyleneglycol)methacrylates, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylates,poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates, poly(ethylene glycol)behenyl ether acrylates, poly(ethylene glycol) behenyl ethermethacrylates, poly(ethylene glycol) 4-nonylphenyl ether acrylates,poly(ethylene glycol) 4-nonylphenyl ether methacrylates, poly(ethyleneglycol) phenyl ether acrylates, poly(ethylene glycol) phenyl ethermethacrylates, vinyl acetates, vinyl propionates, and combinations oftwo or more thereof. Examples of preferred comonomers include, but arenot limited to, methyl (meth)acrylates, butyl(meth)acrylates, vinylacetates, and combinations of two or more thereof.

Neither the first olefin nor the second olefin nor the other suitableadditional comonomer, however, is a dicarboxylic acid or a diester,monoester or anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid. Dicarboxylic acidsinclude maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid,mesaconic acid, and the like. In addition, Ethylene Copolymer 1preferably does not incorporate other comonomers in any significantamount. Stated alternatively, it is preferable that Ethylene Copolymer 1consist essentially of copolymerized residues of ethylene and the secondolefin, or that Ethylene Copolymer 1 consist essentially ofcopolymerized residues of ethylene, the optional first olefin and thesecond olefin.

Ethylene Copolymer 1 comprises about 5 to about 40 wt %, or about 10 toabout 35 wt %, or about 10 to about 30 wt % of copolymerized residues ofthe first olefin of formula CH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R², when the first olefin ispresent. Ethylene Copolymer 1 further comprises about 2 to about 30 wt%, or about 5 to about 20 wt %, or about 5 to about 15 wt %, based onthe total weight of the copolymer, of copolymerized residues of theolefin of the formula CH₂═C(R³)COOH. The remainder of Ethylene Copolymer1 comprises copolymerized residues of ethylene and up to about 5 wt % ofoptional additional comonomers, if any. These weight percentages arebased on the total weight of Ethylene Copolymer 1.

In fully protonated form, Ethylene Copolymer 1 has a melt flow rate ormelt index (MFR or MI) of about 5 g/10 min or higher, about 10 g/10 minor higher, or about 30 to about 1000 g/10 min, or about 60 g/10 min orhigher, or about 100 to about 500 g/10 min, as determined in accordancewith ASTM D1238 at 190° C. and under a weight of 2.16 kg.

Ethylene Copolymer 1 is an ionomer. In particular, at least a portion ofthe carboxylic acid groups of Ethylene Copolymer 1 are neutralized toform carboxylate salts. Ionomers and methods of synthesizing ionomershave been described at length elsewhere, for example U.S. Pat. No.5,028,674, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/610,678, filed onNov. 2, 2009, and the references cited therein. To obtain the ionomersused herein, the precursor acid copolymers may be neutralized by anyconventional procedure, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.3,404,134 and 6,518,365.

Preferred neutralization levels are about 10% to about 90%, about 20% toabout 60%, or about 15% to about 30%. Neutralization level is expressedas the weight percentage of the acid present in the ionomer that isneutralized. For example, if the ionomer contains 15 wt % of methacrylicacid and the neutralization level is 25%, then 3.75 wt % of the acidgroups are neutralized, based on the total weight of the copolymer.

In addition, Ethylene Copolymer 1 when neutralized has a melt flow rateor melt index (MFR or MI) of about 1 g/10 min or higher, or about 5 toabout 500 g/10 min, or about 10 to about 500 g/10 min, as determined inaccordance with ASTM D1238 at 190° C. and under a weight of 2.16 kg.

Any stable cation and any combination of two or more stable cations arebelieved to be suitable as counterions to the carboxylate groups in theionomer. Divalent cations, such as cations of alkaline earth metals andsome transition metals, are preferred. Zinc is a preferred divalentcation. Still more preferably, Ethylene Copolymer 1 is a zinc ionomer inwhich about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 60%, or about 15% toabout 30% of the hydrogen atoms of the carboxylic acid groups of theprecursor acid are replaced by a charge-equivalent amount of zinccations.

In one particular example, Ethylene Copolymer 1 is a zinc ionomer of acopolymer of ethylene/n-butyl acrylate/acrylic acid, such as thoseavailable from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.(“DuPont”) under the trademark Surlyn®.

Ethylene Copolymer 2 is a copolymer comprising copolymerized units ofethylene, optionally of the first olefin of the formula CH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R²,and of a third olefin of the formula CH₂═C(R⁴)D, wherein R⁴ is hydrogenor an alkyl group; D is selected —CO₂R⁵, —CO₂R⁶—R⁵, —R⁶—R⁵, —O—R⁵, —R⁵;and wherein R⁶ is an alkylene group and R⁵ is a moiety containing anepoxy group, such as a glycidyl group, a 1,2-cyclohexenyl oxide group,or a 1,2-epoxy group. Like the first and the second olefins and theoptional additional comonomers, the third olefin is also not adicarboxylic acid or a di-ester, mono-ester or anhydride of adicarboxylic acid.

In addition, the Ethylene Copolymer 2 may optionally further compriseother suitable additional comonomers, as described above with respect toEthylene Copolymer 1. Preferably, however, Ethylene Copolymer 2preferably does not contain other comonomers in any significant amount.Stated alternatively, it is preferable that Ethylene Copolymer 2 consistessentially of copolymerized residues of ethylene and the third olefin,or that Ethylene Copolymer 2 consist essentially of copolymerizedresidues of ethylene, the optional first olefin and the third olefin

Whether the first olefin is present in Ethylene Copolymer 2 isindependent of whether it is also present in Ethylene Copolymer 1, andvice versa. Moreover, when the first olefin is present in both ofEthylene Copolymers 1 and 2, the olefin itself may be the same ordifferent in each of the copolymers. For example, Ethylene Copolymer 1may be a copolymer of ethylene/n-butyl acrylate/acrylic acid andEthylene Copolymer 2 may be a copolymer of ethylene/n-butylacrylate/glycidyl methacrylate. Alternatively, Ethylene Copolymer 1 maybe a copolymer of ethylene/methyl acrylate/acrylic acid and EthyleneCopolymer 2 may be a copolymer of ethylene/ethyl acrylate/glycidylmethacrylate.

Ethylene Copolymer 2 comprises about 3 to about 15 wt %, or about 3 toabout 10 wt %, or about 4 to about 7 wt % of copolymerized residues ofthe third olefin of the formula CH₂═C(R⁴)-D. It may optionally furthercomprise up to about 40 wt %, or about 5 to about 40 wt %, or about 10to about 40 wt %, or about 20 to about 40 wt %, or about 20 to about 35wt % of copolymerized residues of the first olefin of the formulaCH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R². The remainder of Ethylene Copolymer 2 comprisescopolymerized residues of ethylene and up to about 5 wt % of optionaladditional comonomers, if any. These weight percentages are based on thetotal weight of Ethylene Copolymer 2.

Preferably, Ethylene Copolymer 2 consists essentially of copolymerizedresidues of ethylene and the third olefin. Also preferably, EthyleneCopolymer 2 consists essentially of copolymerized residues of ethylene,the optional first olefin and the third olefin. In one particularexample, the Ethylene Copolymer 2 is a copolymer of ethylene/n-butylacrylate/glycidyl methacrylate, such as those available from DuPontunder the trademark Elvaloy®. In another particular example, EthyleneCopolymer 2 is a copolymer of ethylene and glycidyl methacrylate.

In addition, Ethylene Copolymer 2 has a melt flow rate of about 5 toabout 300 or about 5 to about 100 g/10 min, as determined in accordancewith ASTM D1238 at 190° C. and under a weight of 2.16 kg.

The ratio of the Ethylene Copolymer 1 and the Ethylene Copolymer 2 inthe blend composition ranges from about 90:10 to about 10:90, or about80:20 to about 20:80, or about 70:30 to about 30:70, or about 60:40 toabout 40:60, or about 45:55 to 55:45, or the ratio is about 50:50 byweight based on the total weight of Ethylene Copolymer 1 and EthyleneCopolymer 2 in the blend composition.

The mole ratio of carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups in EthyleneCopolymer 1 to epoxy groups in Ethylene Copolymer 2 is preferably about10:1 to 1:10, about 5:1 to 1:5, about 3:1 to 1:3, or about 2 to 1.

The blend composition of Ethylene Copolymer 1 and Ethylene Copolymer 2can be prepared by any suitable process, such as melt blending,compounding, and extrusion to pelletized blend. Preferably, no water, noother solvents such as organic solvents and aromatic solvents, and noplasticizers are added to the Ethylene Copolymer 1 and EthyleneCopolymer 2 during the blending process. Stated alternatively, in apreferred process, neat Ethylene Copolymer 1 is combined with neatEthylene Copolymer 2 in a melt process to form a neat blend composition.At no time during the preferred process do Ethylene Copolymers 1 and 2include more than adventitious amounts of water, other solvent, orplasticizer.

During the blending and extruding processes, the temperature of theblend is preferably maintained at or below about 120° C., to preventpremature cross-linking. More preferably, the temperature of the blendis maintained at or below about 110° C., 105° C. or 100° C. Attemperatures of about 100° C. or higher, the carboxylate group inEthylene Copolymer 1 reacts with the epoxy group in Ethylene Copolymer 2to form a blend composition that is cross-linked. Without wishing to bebound by theory, it is believed that the cross-linking reaction betweenan ionomer comprising acrylic acid residues and a copolymer comprisingresidues of glycidyl methacrylate operates by a mechanism in which acarboxylate group of the ionomer reacts to open an epoxide ring to forman hydryoxyalkyl ester linkage.

Those of skill in the art are aware that the cross-linking reaction maywell proceed at temperatures that are below 120° C., or below 100° C.The kinetics of the reaction, however, are such that the blendcomposition may be held at 120° C. or less for a significant amount oftime (up to about 15 minutes) without cross-linking to the extent thatthe blend composition becomes intractable for further processing.

In addition, those of skill in the art are able to determine anappropriate level of cross-linking based on the physical properties thatare desired in the cross-linked encapsulant layer. For example, higherlevels of cross-linking are correlated with a higher flex modulus,better high temperature adhesion, lower melt indices, and better heatresistance.

Those of skill in the art are also aware that the time required toobtain a desired level of cross-linking depends directly on theconcentration of carboxylic acid groups and epoxy groups. Likewise, thetime required to obtain a desired level of cross-linking dependsinversely on the temperature at which the cross-linking reaction iscarried out, and also depends inversely or in another negativelogarithmic relationship on the melt index of the polymer blend.

Although the discussion above indicates that the cross-linking reactionrequires heat, the reaction may be also be carried out using catalysis,or by using a combination of heat and catalysis. Both acid and basecatalysts are suitable, including without limitation, tertiary amines,phosphoric acid, Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride etherate(BF₃.Et₂O) and aluminum trichloride (AlCl₃), and substituted pyridines.Because acids can be corrosive, basic catalysts are preferred, andsubstituted pyridines such as 4-dimethylamino-pyridine are particularlypreferred. When present, the amount of the catalyst is preferably about20 to about 200 ppm, based on the total weight of the blend.

The effect of the catalyst on reaction times and reaction temperaturesis known to those of skill in the art. Briefly, however, when a catalystis present, the cross-linking reaction will be completed in a shortertime at a given reaction temperature, compared to a blend compositionthat includes the same Ethylene Copolymers 1 and 2 but no catalyst.Alternatively, the cross-linking reaction can be completed at a lowertemperature, again compared to a blend composition that includes thesame Ethylene Copolymers 1 and 2 but no catalyst. Those of skill in theart are capable of adjusting the amount of catalyst to attained thedesired reaction temperature and time.

In addition to Ethylene Copolymer 1 and Ethylene Copolymer 2, the blendcomposition may further include one or more suitable additive(s) thatare known in the art. Such additives include, but are not limited to,plasticizers, processing aids, flow enhancing additives, lubricants,pigments, dyes, optical brighteners, flame retardants, impact modifiers,nucleating agents, antiblocking agents (e.g., silica), thermalstabilizers, hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS), UV absorbers, UVstabilizers, dispersants, surfactants, chelating agents, couplingagents, adhesives, primers, reinforcement additives (e.g., glass fiber),and combinations of two or more thereof. As is discussed above,plasticizers are preferably not included in the blend composition.Additives are described in detail in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia ofChemical Technology, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons (New Jersey, 2004).

Suitable additives may be present in the blend composition at a level ofabout 0.01 to about 15 wt %, or about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, or about0.01 to 5 wt %, or about 0.01 to 1 wt %, in total, based on the totalweight of the blend composition. At these levels, the additives do notdetract from the basic and novel characteristics of the blendcomposition, nor do they significantly adversely affect the performanceof encapsulant layer comprising the blend composition.

The incorporation of the optional additives, if any, into the blendcomposition can be carried out by any known process, such as, forexample, by dry blending, by extruding a mixture of the variousconstituents, by the conventional masterbatch technique, or the like.See, again, the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia. Once more, it is important toavoid carrying out these procedures under conditions that will lead tothe cross-linking of the blend composition.

Four notable additives that are useful in the blend composition arethermal stabilizers, UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, andsilane coupling agents. First, thermal stabilizers have been describedextensively. Any known thermal stabilizer may be suitable for use in themultilayer sheet. Preferred general classes of thermal stabilizersinclude, but are not limited to, phenolic antioxidants, alkylatedmonophenols, alkylthiomethylphenols, hydroquinones, alkylatedhydroquinones, tocopherols, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers,alkylidenebisphenols, O-, N- and S-benzyl compounds, hydroxybenzylatedmalonates, aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, triazine compounds, aminicantioxidants, aryl amines, diaryl amines, polyaryl amines,acylaminophenols, oxamides, metal deactivators, phosphites,phosphonites, benzylphosphonates, ascorbic acid (vitamin C),hydroxylamines, nitrones, thiosynergists, benzofuranones, indolinones,and the like and mixtures thereof. The blend composition may contain anyeffective amount of thermal stabilizers. Use of a thermal stabilizer isoptional and in some instances is not preferred. When thermalstabilizers are used, they may be present in the blend composition at alevel of at least about 0.05 wt % and up to about 10 wt %, or up toabout 5 wt %, or up to about 1 wt %, based on the total weight of theblend composition.

UV absorbers can be used and have also been extensively described. Anyknown UV absorber may be suitable for use in the blend composition.Preferred general classes of UV absorbers include, but are not limitedto, benzotriazole derivatives, hydroxybenzophenones, hydroxyphenyltriazines, esters of substituted and unsubstituted benzoic acids, andthe like and mixtures thereof. The blend composition may contain anyeffective amount of UV absorbers. Use of a UV absorber is optional andin some instances is not preferred. When UV absorbers are utilized, theymay be present in the blend composition at a level of at least about0.05 wt %, and up to about 10 wt %, or up to about 5 wt %, or up toabout 1 wt %, based on the total weight of the blend composition.

Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) can be used and are also wellknown in the art. Generally, hindered amine light stabilizers aresecondary, tertiary, acetylated, N-hydrocarbyloxy substituted,hydroxyl-substituted N-hydrocarbyloxy substituted, or other substitutedcyclic amines which are characterized by a substantial amount of sterichindrance, generally derived from aliphatic substitution on the carbonatoms adjacent to the amine function. The blend composition may containany effective amount of hindered amine light stabilizers. Use ofhindered amine light stabilizers is optional and in some instances isnot preferred. When hindered amine light stabilizers are used, they maybe present in the blend composition at a level of at least about 0.05 wt%, and up to about 10 wt %, or up to about 5 wt %, or up to about 1 wt%, based on the total weight of the blend composition.

Examples of silane coupling agents that are useful in the blendcompositions include, but are not limited to,γ-chloropropylmethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane,vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltris(β-methoxyethoxy) silane,γ-vinylbenzylpropyltrimethoxysilane,N-β-(N-vinylbenzylaminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane,γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane,γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyl triethoxysilane,β-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane,γ-mercaptopropylmethoxysilane, γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,N-β-(aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and mixtures of two ormore thereof. Silane coupling agents containing glycidoxy groups, suchas γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, are preferred. The silane couplingagents are preferably incorporated in the blend composition at a levelof about 0.01 to about 5 wt %, or about 0.05 to about 1 wt %, based onthe total weight of the blend composition.

The encapsulant layer used in the solar cell module may be derived froma sheet comprising the blend composition. The sheet may be in a singlelayer or in multilayer form. The term “single layer” refers to sheetsthat are made of or that consist essentially of the blend compositiondescribed above. When in a multilayer form, the sheet comprisessub-layers, and at least one of the sub-layers is made of or consistsessentially of the blend composition, while the other sub-layer(s) maybe made of or comprise any other suitable polymeric material(s), suchas, for example, copolymers of α-olefins and α,β-ethylenicallyunsaturated carboxylic acids (i.e., acid copolymers), partiallyneutralized ionic acid copolymers (i.e., ionomers), ethylene/vinylacetate copolymers, poly(vinyl acetals) (including acoustic gradepoly(vinyl acetals)), polyurethanes, polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes(e.g., linear low density polyethylenes), polyolefin block copolymerelastomers, copolymers of α-olefins and α,β-ethylenically unsaturatedcarboxylic acid esters (e.g., ethylene methyl acrylate copolymers andethylene butyl acrylate copolymers), silicone elastomers, epoxy resins,and combinations of two or more thereof.

The total thickness of the sheet comprising the blend composition mayrange from about 1 to about 120 mils (about 0.025 to about 3 mm), orabout 10 to about 90 mils (about 0.25 to about 2.3 mm), or about 15 toabout 60 mils (about 0.38 to about 1.5 mm), or about 20 to about 60 mils(about 0.51 to about 1.5 mm), or about 20 to about 45 mils (about 0.51to about 1.14 mm). When the sheet comprising the blend composition is ina multilayer form, the inner sub-layer comprising the blend compositionmay have a thickness ranging from about 10 to about 30 mils (about 0.25to about 0.76 mm) while the surface sub-layer comprising the blendcomposition may have a thickness of about 1 to about 5 mils (about 0.025to about 0.12 mm).

The sheet comprising the blend composition may have a smooth or roughsurface on one or both sides. Preferably, the sheet has rough surfaceson both sides to facilitate deaeration during the lamination process.Rough surfaces can be created by mechanically embossing or by meltfracture during extrusion of the sheets followed by quenching so thatsurface roughness is retained during handling. The surface pattern canbe applied to the sheet through well-known, common art processes. Forexample, the extruded sheet may be passed over a specially preparedsurface of a die roll positioned in close proximity to the exit of theextruder die. This imparts the desired surface characteristics to oneside of the molten polymer exiting the die. Thus, when the surface ofsuch a die roll has minute peaks and valleys, it will impart a roughsurface to the side of the polymer sheet that passes over the roll, andthe rough surface will generally conform respectively to the valleys andpeaks of the roll surface. Such die rolls are described in, e.g., U.S.Pat. No. 4,035,549 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0124296.

The sheets comprising the blend composition may be produced by anysuitable process. For example, the sheets may be formed by solutioncasting or dip coating. Preferred are melt processes such as cast filmextrusion, compression molding, injection molding, lamination, blownfilm processes, extrusion coating, tandem extrusion coating, meltextrusion casting, melt coextrusion casting, melt extrusion coating,blown film processes, tandem melt extrusion coating processes, or anysuitable melt processes known to those of skill in the art.

Preferably, the melt from which the sheet is formed consists essentiallyof Ethylene Copolymer 1, Ethylene Copolymer 2, and optional additives,if any. Also preferably, the melt is substantially free of solvents,including water and organic solvents. More preferably, the melt issubstantially free of solvents and plasticizers.

When forming the melt in preparation for the extrusion process, pelletsor powders of neat Ethylene Copolymers 1 and 2 may be provided. Theseneat powders or pellets may be combined in a “salt and pepper” blendbefore melting. Alternatively, Ethylene Copolymers 1 and 2 may bepre-mixed to form pellets of the blend composition. These pellets arethen melted in preparation for the extrusion process. The additives maybe added to the pellets or powders before, during, or after melting.

Again, during the blending and sheeting processes, the temperature ofthe ethylene copolymer blend should be maintained at or below about 120°C., 115° C., 110° C., 105° C. or 100° C., to avoid prematurecross-linking. In some extrusion processes, the temperature of the meltis held at or below about 120° C. and the temperature at the extrusiondie is about 135° C. or higher. Exposure of the unreacted blendcomposition to higher temperatures for short periods of time is notexpected to generate an unacceptable amount of premature cross-linking.

In forming the solar cell module, the encapsulant sheet comprising theuncross-linked blend composition is laminated to the solar cellassembly. The solar cells comprised in the solar cell assembly includeany article or material that can convert light into electrical energy.Solar cells useful in the invention include, but are not limited to,wafer-based solar cells (e.g., c-Si or mc-Si based solar cells, asdescribed above in the background section) and thin film solar cells(e.g., a-Si, pc-Si, CdTe, copper indium selenide (CIS),copper-indium-gallium selenide (GIGS), light absorbing dyes, or organicsemiconductor based solar cells, as described above in the backgroundsection). Within the solar cell assembly, it is preferred that the solarcells be electrically interconnected or arranged in a flat plane. Inaddition, the solar cell assembly may further comprise electric wirings,such as cross ribbons and bus bars.

The solar cell assembly may be bifacial. In such an embodiment, all thelaminating materials positioned on either side of the solar cellassembly should be sufficiently transparent to allow adequate sunlightor reflected sunlight to reach the solar cells. Alternatively, the solarcell assembly may have a front sun-facing side (which is also referredto as a front side and, when in actual use conditions, generally facestoward the sun) and a back non-sun-facing side (which is also referredto as a back side and, when in actual use conditions, generally facesaway from the sun). The solar cells define the boundary between thefront and back sides of the solar cell assembly. In such an assembly,all the materials that are present in the laminate layers positioned inthe front sun-facing side of the solar cell assembly should havesufficient transparency to allow adequate sunlight to reach the solarcells. The materials present in the laminate layers positioned in theback non-sun-facing side of the solar cell layer need not betransparent.

Further in this connection, copolymers consisting of copolymerizedresidues of ethylene and alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acids suchas the second olefin may have a degree of crystallinity that isrelatively high. The same is true of copolymers consisting ofcopolymerized residues of ethylene and epoxy-functionalized olefins suchas the third olefin. Crystallinity can contribute to haze and lowertransmission of light. Ethylene acid copolymers that include a thirdcomonomer that is an ester of an alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylicacid, such as the first olefin, in general have lower levels ofcrystallinity. Therefore, when the blend composition described herein isused in a front encapsulant layer, it is preferred that at least one ofEthylene Copolymers 1 and 2 comprise the first olefin. More preferably,both Ethylene Copolymer 1 and Ethylene Copolymer 2 comprise the firstolefin.

The solar cell module typically comprises at least one encapsulant layercomprising the blend composition, which is laminated to the solar cellassembly. Two components that are “laminated” to each other are bondedeither directly (i.e., without any additional material between the twolayers) or indirectly (i.e., with additional material, such asinterlayer or adhesive materials, between the two layers). In certainlaminates, the encapsulant layer comprising the blend composition isdirectly bonded to the solar cell layer.

Solar cell assemblies may have somewhat uneven surfaces with peaks andvoids. Therefore, during the lamination process, the encapsulant sheetcomprising the blend composition will melt or soften to some degree, andwill typically flow around the peaks and fill the voids of the solarcell assembly. Accordingly, when the thickness of the encapsulant layeris provided herein, unless otherwise specified in limited circumstances,it is the thickness of the encapsulant layer prior to lamination. Ingeneral, however, the encapsulant layer in the final module remains atan average total thickness of about 1 to about 120 mils (about 0.025 toabout 3 mm), or about 10 to about 90 mils (about 0.25 to about 2.3 mm),or about 15 to about 60 mils (about 0.38 to about 1.5 mm), or about 20to about 60 mils (about 0.51 to about 1.5 mm), or about 20 to about 45mils (about 0.51 to about 1.14 mm).

The cross-linkable blend compositions described herein as encapsulantmaterials have a number of advantages over cross-linkable EVAcompositions. For example, the blend compositions described herein canbe made into sheets at an extrusion temperature as high as about 135° C.without undergoing a significant degree of cross-linking. Further, therelatively low initial viscosity of the blend compositions describedherein also allows the encapsulant material to fully flow around thesolar cell assembly during lamination and therefore minimize cellbreakage. Yet further, the incorporation of the olefin of the formulaCH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R² (such as n-butyl acrylate) as a comonomer in one or bothof Ethylene Copolymers 1 and 2 reduces the blend compositions'crystallinity and therefore improves the clarity of the encapsulantlayer.

The solar cell module may further comprise additional encapsulant layerscomprising other polymeric materials, such as acid copolymers, ionomers,ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, poly(vinyl acetals) (includingacoustic grade poly(vinyl acetals)), polyurethanes, poly(vinylchlorides), polyethylenes (e.g., linear low density polyethylenes),polyolefin block copolymer elastomers, copolymers of α-olefins andα,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters) (e.g., ethylenemethyl acrylate copolymers and ethylene butyl acrylate copolymers),silicone elastomers, epoxy resins, and combinations of two or morethereof.

The solar cell module may further comprise an incident layer and/or abacking layer serving as the outermost layer or layers of the module atthe sun-facing side and the non-sun-facing side of the solar cellmodule, respectively. The incident layer and the backing layer maycomprise any suitable sheet or film. Suitable sheets include, forexample, glass or plastic sheets, such as polycarbonates, acrylics,polyacrylates, cyclic polyolefins (e.g., ethylene norbornene polymers),polystyrenes (preferably polystyrenes prepared in the presence ofmetallocene catalysts), polyamides, polyesters, fluoropolymers, orcombinations of two or more thereof. In addition, metal sheets, such asaluminum, steel, galvanized steel, or ceramic plates may be used in thebacking layer.

The term “glass” includes not only window glass, plate glass, silicateglass, sheet glass, low iron glass, tempered glass, tempered CeO-freeglass, and float glass, but also colored glass, specialty glass (such asthose containing ingredients to control solar heating), coated glass(such as those sputtered with metals (e.g., silver or indium tin oxide)for solar control purposes), low E-glass, Toroglas™ glass (Saint-GobainN.A. Inc., Trumbauersville, Pa.), Solexia™ glass (PPG Industries,Pittsburgh, Pa.) and Starphire™ glass (PPG Industries). Such specialtyglasses are described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,615,989; 5,173,212;5,264,286; 6,150,028; 6,340,646; 6,461,736; and 6,468,934. It isunderstood, however, that the type of glass to be selected for aparticular module depends on the intended use.

Suitable films for the incident layer or the backing layer comprisepolymers that include but are not limited to, polyesters (e.g.,poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene naphthalate)),polycarbonate, polyolefins (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene, andcyclic polyolefins), norbornene polymers, polystyrene (e.g.,syndiotactic polystyrene), styrene-acrylate copolymers,acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers, polysulfones (e.g., polyethersulfone,polysulfone, etc.), nylons, poly(urethanes), acrylics, celluloseacetates (e.g., cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetates, etc.),cellophane, silicones, poly(vinyl chlorides) (e.g., poly(vinylidenechloride)), fluoropolymers (e.g., polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidenefluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and ethylene-tetrafluoroethylenecopolymers), and combinations of two or more thereof. The polymeric filmmay be non-oriented, or uniaxially oriented, or biaxially oriented.

Specific examples of films that may be used in the solar cell moduleouter layers (e.g., the incident layer or the backing layer) include,but are not limited to, polyester films (e.g., poly(ethyleneterephthalate) films), fluoropolymer films (e.g., Tedlar®, Tefzel®, andTeflon® films available from DuPont). Metal films, such as aluminumfoil, may also be used as the backing layers. Further the films used inthe solar cell module outer layers may be in the form of multi-layerfilms, such as a fluoropolymer/polyester/fluoropolymer multilayer film(e.g., Tedlar®/PET/Tedlar® or TPT laminate film available from IsovoltaAG of Austria or from Madico of Woburn, Mass.).

The solar cell module may further comprise other functional film orsheet layers (e.g., dielectric layers or barrier layers) embedded withinthe module. Such functional layers may comprise any of the abovementioned polymeric films or those that are coated with additionalfunctional coatings. For example, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)films coated with a metal oxide coating, such as those described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 6,521,825 and 6,818,819 and European Patent No. 1182710, mayfunction as oxygen and moisture barrier layers in the laminates.

If desired, a layer of nonwoven glass fiber (scrim) may also be includedbetween the solar cell layers and the encapsulant layers to facilitatedeaeration during the lamination process and/or to serve asreinforcement for the encapsulants. The use of such scrim layers isdescribed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,583,057; 6,075,202; 6,204,443;6,320,115; and 6,323,416 and European Patent No. 0769818.

A special film or sheet may be included to serve both the function of anencapsulant layer and an outer layer. One example of such a specialsheet is Spallshield®, available from DuPont. Furthermore, any two ormore of the contiguous film or sheet layers included in the module maybe supplied in the form of a pre-formed multilayer film or sheet.

One or both surfaces of the incident layer films and sheets, the backinglayer films and sheets, the encapsulant layers and other layersincorporated within the solar cell module may optionally undergo anysuitable adhesion enhancing treatment. This adhesion enhancing treatmentmay take any form known within the art and includes flame treatments(see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,632,921; 2,648,097; 2,683,894; and2,704,382), plasma treatments (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,732,814),electron beam treatments, oxidation treatments, corona dischargetreatments, chemical treatments, chromic acid treatments, hot airtreatments, ozone treatments, ultraviolet light treatments, sand blasttreatments, solvent treatments, and combinations of two or more thereof.

Also, the adhesion strength may be further improved by further applyingan adhesive or primer coating on the surface of the laminate layer(s).For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,711 describes a film or sheet withimproved bondability, which has a thin layer of carbon deposited on oneor both surfaces. Other examples of suitable adhesives and primersinclude, without limitation, silanes, poly(allyl amine) based primers(see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,411,845; 5,770,312; 5,690,994; and5,698,329), and acrylic based primers (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No.5,415,942). The adhesive or primer coating may take the form of amonolayer of the adhesive or primer and have a thickness of about 0.0004to about 1 mil (about 0.00001 to about 0.03 mm), or preferably, about0.004 to about 0.5 mil (about 0.0001 to about 0.013 mm), or morepreferably, about 0.004 to about 0.1 mil (about 0.0001 to about 0.003mm).

Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designatecorresponding structure throughout the views, and referring inparticular to FIG. 1, when the solar cells are derived from wafer-based,self supporting solar cell units, the solar cell module (10) maycomprise, in order of position from the front sun-facing side to theback non-sun-facing side, (a) an incident layer (11), (b) a frontencapsulant layer (12), (c) a solar cell assembly (13) comprised of oneor more electrically interconnected solar cells, (d) a back encapsulantlayer (14), and (e) a backing layer (15), wherein one or both of thefront and back encapsulant layers (12 and 14) comprises thecross-linkable blend composition. In such a module, it is also possiblethat the solar cell assembly (13) may have a smaller lateral areacompared to the encapsulant layers (12 and 14) and the outer protectivelayers (11 and 15). In this configuration, the two encapsulant layers(12 and 14) may come in contact over the peripheral edges of the solarcell assembly (13) and bond to each other, forming a seal (16) aroundthe edges of the solar cell assembly (13).

Referring now to FIG. 2, when the solar cell module 20 is derived fromthin film solar cells, it may comprise, in order of position from thefront sun-facing side to the back non-sun-facing side, (a) a solar celllayer (23) comprising a superstrate (23 b) and a layer of thin filmsolar cell(s) (23 a) deposited thereon at the non-sun-facing side, (b) a(back) encapsulant layer (24) comprising the cross-linkable blendcomposition, and (c) a backing layer (25). Referring now to FIG. 3,another solar cell module 30 that is derived from thin film solar cellsmay comprise, again in order of position from the front sun-facing sideto the back non-sun-facing side, (a) a transparent incident layer (31),(b) a (front) encapsulant layer (32) comprising the cross-linkable blendcomposition, and (c) a solar cell layer (33) comprising a layer of thinfilm solar cell(s) (33 a) deposited on a substrate (33 b) at thesun-facing side thereof.

Once more, thin films solar cells (23 a or 33 a) may have a smallerlateral area than that of the superstrate (23 b) or substrate (33 b) andthat of the encapsulant layer (24 or 32), and therefore, the encapsulantlayer (24 or 32) may come in contact and bond with the superstrate (23b) or substrate (33 b) over the peripheral edges of the thin film solarcells (23 a or 33 a) and form a seal (26 or 36) around the edges of thethin film solar cells (23 a or 33 a).

If desired, the edges of the solar cell module may be sealed to reducemoisture and air intrusion that lead to potential reduction of theefficiency and lifetime of the solar cell(s). The edges may be sealed byany means disclosed within the art. Suitable edge seal materialsinclude, but are not limited to, butyl rubber, polysulfide, silicone,polyurethane, polypropylene elastomers, polystyrene elastomers, blockcopolymer elastomers (such as styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS)),and the like.

Moreover, a plurality of the solar cell modules described above may befurther linked in parallel or in series to form a solar cell array, inorder to produce a desired voltage and current.

Any suitable lamination process may be used to prepare the solar cellmodules. In general, however, processes including a step in which theblend of Ethylene Copolymer 1 and Ethylene Copolymer 2 is heated to atemperature of about 135° C. or higher, or of about 140° C. to about180° C., are preferred. As is described in detail above, the cross-linksbetween Ethylene Copolymer 1 and Ethylene Copolymer 2 form during thishigh-temperature step, and the rate at which the reaction proceedsdepends on the temperature and melt index of the blend, on theconcentration of catalyst, if any, and on the concentration of thereactive monomers.

In laminates, however, the rate at which the cross-linking reactionproceeds also depends on the heat transfer rate, or, more practically,on the structure of the laminate. For example, laminates comprisingouter layers made from materials such as polycarbonate sheets, whichhave low heat transfer coefficients, may require heating at highertemperatures or for longer times than laminates that comprise glassouter layers, with their higher heat transfer coefficients.Alternatively, compared to laminates comprising glass sheets as outerlayers, laminates comprising polyester films as their outer layers mayrequire less time or lower temperatures to achieve the desired level ofcrosslinking. Although polyesters may have a lower heat transfercoefficient than glass, the relative small thickness of the polyesterfilms will allow for quicker heating than the relatively thicker glasssheets.

The following specific examples of suitable lamination processes are notlimiting. In one process, the component layers of the solar cell moduleare stacked in the desired order to form a pre-lamination assembly. Theassembly is then placed into a bag capable of sustaining a vacuum (“avacuum bag”), the air is drawn out of the bag by a vacuum line or othermeans, the bag is sealed while the vacuum is maintained (e.g., at leastabout 27-28 in. Hg (689-711 mm Hg)), and the sealed bag is placed in anautoclave and the pressure is raised to about 150 to about 250 psi(about 11.3 to about 18.8 bar), and a temperature of about 135° C. toabout 180° C., or about 135° C. to about 160° C., or about 135° C. toabout 155° C., or about 145° C. to about 155° C., for about 10 to about50 min, or about 20 to about 45 min, or about 20 to about 40 min, orabout 25 to about 35 min. A vacuum ring may be substituted for thevacuum bag. One type of suitable vacuum bag is described in U.S. Pat.No. 3,311,517. Following the heat and pressure cycle, the air in theautoclave is cooled without adding additional air to maintain pressurein the autoclave. After about 20 min of cooling, the excess air pressureis vented and the laminates are removed from the autoclave.

Alternatively, the pre-lamination assembly may be heated in an oven atabout 80° C. to about 120° C., or about 90° C. to about 100° C., forabout 20 to about 40 min, and thereafter, the heated assembly may bepassed through a set of nip rolls so that the air in the void spacesbetween the individual layers is squeezed out, and the edge of theassembly sealed. The assembly at this stage is referred to as apre-press.

The pre-press may then be placed in an air autoclave where thetemperature is raised to about 135° C. to about 180° C., or about 135°C. to about 160° C. at a pressure of about 100 to about 300 psi (about6.9 to about 20.7 bar), or preferably about 200 psi (13.8 bar). Theseconditions are maintained for about 15 to about 60 min, or about 20 toabout 50 min, after which the air is cooled while no further air isintroduced to the autoclave. After about 20 to about 40 min of cooling,the excess air pressure is vented and the laminated products are removedfrom the autoclave.

The solar cell modules may also be produced through non-autoclaveprocesses. Such non-autoclave processes are described, e.g., in U.S.Pat. Nos. 3,234,062; 3,852,136; 4,341,576; 4,385,951; 4,398,979;5,536,347; 5,853,516; 6,342,116; and 5,415,909; in U.S. PatentPublication No. 2004/0182493; in European Patent No. 1235683 B1; and inPCT Patent Publication Nos. WO91/01880 and WO03/057478. Generally, thenon-autoclave processes include heating the pre-lamination assembly andthe application of vacuum, pressure or both. For example, the assemblymay be successively passed through heating ovens and nip rolls.

The following examples are provided to describe the invention in furtherdetail. These examples, which set forth a preferred mode presentlycontemplated for carrying out the invention, are intended to illustrateand not to limit the invention.

EXAMPLES

All melt indices (MI) and melt flow rates (MFR) reported herein weredetermined in accordance with ASTM D1238 at 190° C. and 2.16 kg, and arereported in units of g/10 min, unless otherwise specified in limitedcircumstances.

Example 1

Several 300-gram blends of a sodium ionomer (ethylene/methacrylic aciddipolymer, 11 weight % MAA, 37% neutralized, Na⁺ cation, MI of ionomer10 g/10 min) and an ethylene copolymer (66.75 wt % ethylene/28 wt %n-butyl acrylate/5.25 wt % glycidyl methacrylate, MI of 12 g/10 min)were prepared in a Brabender mixer at 120° C. at 50 rpm for 5 minutes.There was a significant initial MI reduction of the blends (125° C. MItest), especially at the higher sodium ionomer levels, showing thatreaction between the two blend components did occur. Table 1, below,shows the comparison of the measured MI to the predicted MI. Thepredictions were made according to the blend rule, which assumes noreaction between the blend components.

TABLE 1 Blend wt % sodium ionomer/ wt % ethylene copolymer MI MeasuredMI Predicted 10/90 12 10.75 20/80 9 11.8 30/70 7.17 11.6 40/60 2.43611.36 50/50 0.812 11.15 60/40 0 10.95

The melt flow of each blend (in a 10 minute period) was measured in amelt indexer with a 2160 gram weight at several different temperaturesafter being held at the specific temperature in the melt indexer for 10minutes. As shown in Table 2 below, the blends retained some flow whenheated for 10 minutes at temperatures up to 170° C. If the blend werefully crosslinked, the predicted melt flow would be zero.

TABLE 2 Temper- 10% ionomer/ 20% ionomer/ 30% ionomer/ 40% ionomer/ 50%ionomer/ 60% ionomer/ ature 90% ECP* 80% ECP 70% ECP 60% ECP 50% ECP 40%ECP 130° C. 1.68 1.33 1.12 0.38 0.4 n/a* 140° C. 2.3 1.83 1.58 0.52 0.310.16 150° C. 3.34 2.24 1.5 0.6 0.37 n/a  160° C. 4.32 2.91 2.04 0.7 0.30.17 170° C. 4.65 2.45 2.01 0.55 0.1 0.11 *“ECP” means “ethylenecopolymer”; “n/a” means “not available”.

Example 2

Three hundred grams of a blend of zinc ionomer (85 wt % ethylene/15 wt %methacrylic acid with 22% of the methacrylic groups neutralized, Zn²⁺cation, MI=14) and ethylene copolymer (66.75 wt % ethylene/28 wt %n-butyl acrylate/5.25 wt % glycidyl methacrylate, MI=12) were preparedin a Brabender mixer at 120° C. at 50 rpm for 5 minutes. The blendcomposition was 20 wt % zinc ionomer and 80 wt % ethylene copolymer. Themelt index (MI) of the blend was 4, when measured at 125° C. andextrapolated to 190° C. Flow in a 10 minute period in a melt indexerwith a 2160 gram weight was determined at several different temperaturesafter being held at the specific temperature in the melt indexer for 10minutes. The results are shown in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Temp, ° C. Melt Flow 130 0.6 140 0.66 150 0.35 160 0.09 170 0.0These results show that crosslinking occurred as the temperature wasraised, and the blend became completely crosslinked at 170° C.Therefore, it is believed that a sheet made from this blend and used asa solar cell encapsulant will be completely crosslinked when laminatedfor 10 minutes at 170° C.

While certain of the preferred embodiments of the present invention havebeen described and specifically exemplified above, it is not intendedthat the invention be limited to such embodiments. Rather, it is to beunderstood that even though numerous characteristics and advantages ofthe present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description,together with details of the structure and function of the invention,the disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail,especially in matters of shape, size and arrangement of parts within theprinciples of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broadgeneral meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.

What is claimed is:
 1. A solar cell module comprising a solar cellassembly and at least one enscapulant layer, wherein the at least oneenscapulant layer consists essentially of a blend composition, saidblend composition consisting essentially of an Ethylene Copolymer 1 andan Ethylene Copolymer 2, and, optionally, one or more additives; whereinsaid Ethylene Copolymer 1 consists essentially of copolymerized units ofethylene, optionally about 10 to about 40 wt % of copolymerized units ofa first olefin having a formula of CH₂=C(R¹)CO₂R², and about 2 to about30 wt % of copolymerized units of a second olefin having a formula ofCH₂=C(R³)COOH, wherein the weight percentages of the copolymerized unitsof the first olefin and of the second olefin are based on the totalweight of said Ethylene Copolymer 1; wherein R¹ represents hydrogen oran alkyl group, R² represents an alkyl group, and R³ represents hydrogenor an alkyl group; and wherein said Ethylene Copolymer 2 consistsessentially of copolymerized units of ethylene, optionally about 20 toabout 40 wt % of copolymerized units of the first olefin, and about 3 toabout 15 wt % of copolymerized units of a third olefin having a formulaof CH₂=C(R⁴)-D, wherein the weight percentages of the copolymerizedunits of the first olefin and of the third olefin are based on the totalweight of said Ethylene Copolymer 2; wherein R⁴ represents hydrogen oran alkyl group; wherein -D represents a moiety selected from the groupconsisting of —CO₂R⁵, —CO₂R⁶—R⁵, —R⁶—R⁵, —O—R⁵, and —R⁵; wherein R⁵represents a moiety containing an epoxy group and R⁶ represents analkylene group; with the proviso that none of said first, second orthird olefins is a dicarboxylic acid or a di-ester, mono-ester oranhydride of the dicarboxylic acid; wherein the blend compositionconsists essentially of about 10 to about 90 wt % of Ethylene Copolymer1 and about 10 to about 90 wt % of Ethylene Copolymer 2, based on thetotal weight of the blend composition; wherein about 10 to about 90 wt %of the carboxylic acid groups of Ethylene Copolymer 1 are neutralized toform carboxylate salts; and wherein the one or more optional additivesare selected from the group consisting of processing aids, flowenhancing additives, lubricants, pigments, dyes, optical brighteners,flame retardants, impact modifiers, nucleating agents, antiblockingagents, thermal stabilizers, hindered amine light stabilizers, UVabsorbers, UV stabilizers, dispersants, surfactants, chelating agents,coupling agents, adhesives, primers, and reinforcement additives.
 2. Thesolar cell module of claim 1, wherein the at least one enscapulant layercomprises a product of cross-linking the blend composition, wherein insaid product at least a portion of the carboxylate groups of EthyleneCopolymer 1 are reacted with at least a portion of the epoxy groups ofEthylene Copolymer 2 to form cross-links between Ethylene Copolymer 1and Ethylene Copolymer
 2. 3. The solar cell module of claim 1, whereinR¹ represents hydrogen or a methyl group, R² represents a butyl group,R³ represents hydrogen or a methyl group, R⁴ represents hydrogen or amethyl group, and -D is —R⁵, wherein R⁵ represents a moiety containing aglycidyl group.
 4. The solar cell module of claim 1, wherein the firstolefin is n-butyl acrylate and the second olefin is acrylic acid.
 5. Thesolar cell module of claim 1, wherein the third olefin is glycidylmethacrylate.
 6. A process for preparing the solar cell module of claim1, comprising: (i) providing a solar cell assembly and at least oneencapsulant layer, wherein the at least one encapsulant layer consistsessentially of the blend composition, wherein the blend composition isuncross-linked, and wherein the at least one encapsulant layer is formedby extrusion from the melt at a temperature of about 120° C. or lower;and (ii) laminating the solar cell assembly and the enscapulant layer ata lamination temperature of about 135° C. or higher to provide a solarcell module wherein the blend composition is cross-linked.
 7. Theprocess of claim 6, wherein the laminating step is conducted bysubjecting the assembly to heat and optionally vacuum or pressure.